Augusts and Louis were son of a famous french portrait Antoine Lumiere. Both of the brothers were both talented in science. The Edisons Peephole Kinetoscope is what inspired them to do what they done. This invention was shown to them by their father after he saw it himself. The lumiere brothers was the first ever video camera makers, this was called cinematographe. They made this by combinding a camera with a printer and projector. La Sortie de Usines Lumiere was first film they had shot. This was filmed on 28th March 1895. However there first screening was kept private because they didnt want people to copy ideas. However the first film they shot had no editing techniques in it. This is because they were the first people to create cinematographe and they didnt no what techniques were or because they werent invented or thought about yet. The film only had long shots in of workers this is also because thats all they could do in those days.
George Melies
He was a magician who owned a theatre this made him have and see potential for him to start making films. After seeing the Lumiere Brothers work he decided to copy the idea and create a camera. This was becasue he was in the audience when the Lumiere brothers first showed their invention Cinematographe. 1896 he filmed a bus coming out a tunnel, when he filmed this it failed because his film got jammed. After this happened he started filming straight away this is when he filmed a horse cart going by. But when he watched it after the films were together so this is when a jump cut was invetned becasue it looked like the bus transformed into the horse cart. After creating this jump cut he carried on to create dissolve, double expossure, fade in and fade out. This has created history becasue everyone creating films after him is going to include these effects. Some of his work was created using a studio. He was also the first person to use this. Some of the films he created-
La Caverene Maudite 1898
Cendrillon 1899
Porter
Porter was a projectionist in the 1890's. He made a whole film from stock footage, this footage was a duplicate of Melies work this was very illegal in these days and still is today. He called his film 'Life of a fireman' which he spliced all the individual cuts to create a whole film (narrative). However he uses different narrative and story lines to create most of his films. But he never uses continuity which was a big issue for him. In his film 'Life of a fireman' he used match on action and he was also the first to arrange shots to make his film work. He create films ' The finish of Bridget McKeen' (1901) and the world famous 'Jack and the beanstalk' (1902).
Modern Period
Griffiths
In 1908 Griffiths gave his script to Edison Porter. This got rejected as it seemed to much hard work for Griffiths to do. Porter hired him to become one of his actors. After his acting carrier was over he ended up becoming a director and directing a lot of films. Griffiths made history by creating continuity. He sat and used trail and error to came up with different techniques such as different shots to create different scenes. He also discovered what a closeup is and other shots. However he also used multiple cameras this would also help him to use the 180 degree rule.
Eistenstien
Eistenstein created montage this, this is were clips are added together to show passing of time. Kuleshov is soviet film maker in the 1910's and 1920's . Montage became boring to certain audiences that's why Eistenstein was at war with Griffith but he sadly lost. Montage is non linear because it doesn't have a ending to it, However continuity is the opposite it has to continue, this shows that is has to make the story continue. He also created and used the 5 montages
Metric- cutting to the beat
Tonal- Put something together
Rhythemic- Concerning rhythm of action in the shot
Over tonal- Concerning montage of large sequences.
Kuleshov
Hitchcock
This is Hitchcock he was a English film director and producer.He's also known as a Auteur this also creates a lot of suspense for the audience. He specialized in creating suspense in films which is in the thriller scenes. He had a great career in making British films and later on ended up moving to America. In most of his work he was most good at the use of his camera movement. He framed shots showing the audience that the actors had emotions. He always wanted a good narrative that always caught there eye that why he used to put scary scenes in his films, to create suspense for the audience. In 1929 Hitchcock started to create films with sound. His first film was called Blackmail. He done this by using famous landmarks as a backdrop this makes the film more interesting. He also used montage in his films. Hitchcock created the film 'Psycho' this was called interletical montage however this was created by Russians but its a Hollywood film. When the Russians created interletical montage it wasn't made to absorb the politics in it but to make the audience think about. When 'Psycho' came out it was a thriller, there was scenes in this such as the shower scene that created a atmosphere and that's Hitchcock wanted to make his audience think that's why he was an Auteur. In this scene he wanted the audience to think about whats happening and the resemblance of the eye and plug hole. This represents death the plug hole is dark and there'so end to it, and as the
now ending. Hitchcock always wants meaning to his work and also
wants the audience to also think whats going on. In his work he used phallic imagery such as the killer using the knife. However he uses a lot of tonal montage, the theme of the movie is thriller so by using quite deep and loud music is creates suspense for the audience when the girl is getting killed.
Goddard took a different approach towards making films, he was a director and made a film called Breathless. However in this film Goddard took a lot of interest in sound and lighting and wanted to make his film better, however this is how films produced over the use because all these people thought of ideas to make things look better especially Goddard adding different lighting to his films. This was the incorrect way of editing and creating films. Goddard changed society because in his trailer for 'Breathless' there was a woman in her underwear this wasn't allowed in them days but because he used it in his film society started to except it. In 1960's this is when feminism was around and he wanted to change that and by the time he put the trailer out it was changed. Throughout his film he used jump cuts that didn't have a meaning but wanted to think about what it could mean. However he also designed his film to break continuity and you can see this because he thought it was natural and so it was unscripted.
Kubrick
Kubrick was the director and creator of the film 'Space Odyssey', in this film he used a lot of different effects and techniques.Kubrick was very artistic and he wanted to show this through his films, so he did ,he made montage look artistic and different and the french didn't like it because he made it artistic. He used Kuleshov technique in the film 'A space odyssey' by using the scene 'HAL 9000'. Hal is the machine that powers the space ship, but there's a scene that he is going to kill Dave, Kubrick uses the Kuleshov technique throughout this scene by swapping camera shots from Hal to Dave, this is to show that the machine is threatening towards Dave. You can tell this by the colour of Hal he is red and red can suggest danger and death that's what Dave is scared off. However he used this in Clockwork Orange in the brainwashing scene where he wanted the audience to be in the mans shoes. Kubrick kept looking into the mans eyes then back tot scene where he saw disgusting and disturbing things. The Kuleshov technique was also used in this aswell.
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